INDEX

Introduction

Evacuation as a Community Process

The Changing Technological and Social Context of Warnings

The Research Record

Major Research Findings

• Warning and warning response
• Organizational Response
• Behavior in Evacuations
• Evacuation Planning and Management
• Public Education and Information to Support Evacuation

Warnings and Warning Response

• Adoption of warning systems
• Timing of warning receipt
• Factors influencing household decision to evacuate

Societal Characteristics

• How experience affects evacuation decisions
• Personality, depersonalization and denial of risk
• Impact of preparedness efforts on evacuation
• The relationship between ethnicity, culture and evacuation

• The relationship between planning and response effectiveness
• Improving behavioral assumptions in planning
• Reentry into evacuated areas
• Behavior In Evacuations
• Compliance with evacuation recommendations
• Animals in evacuations
• Evacuation of special populations
• Timing of Evacuations
• Destinations of evacuees
• Vehicle Use in Evacuations

Evacuation Planning and Management

• Evacuation modeling
• Development of a dynamic evacuation model

Traffic Control Strategies

• Signaling
• Roadblocks and barricades
• Permanent Signage
• Electronic Signage
• Lane Expansion
• Contraflow

Evacuation Management Strategies

• Sector and zonal evacuation
• Keyhole evacuation
• Selective evacuation
• Phased evacuation

Public Education and Information

Public Educational Programs

• Warning the Evacuating Public
• Writing a Warning Message

1. Content of Warning Messages
2. Style of Warning Message

• Don’t Mislead People
• Use Graphics and Visuals

Conclusions

References